Parallel structure
To make the
ideas in your
sentences clear and
understandable, you need
to make your sentence structures grammatically
balanced (i.e. parallel).
This means that
ideas in a
sentence or paragraph that are similar
should be expressed
in parallel grammatical
form (e.g. Jessie likes
running, swimming and painting
NOT Jessie likes
running, swimming and
to paint).
Lists
of words, phrases
and clauses
When ideas
are presented in a series
or a list,
the same parts
of speech should
be used to
ensure parallel structure. This
applies whether the
list consists of
single words, phrases
or clauses—single words should
be balanced with
single words, phrases
with phrases and
clauses with clauses.
Examples:
●Rule 1: Single words
should be matched
with single words
of the same
type (e.g. all
nouns, all adverbs, all
adjectives).
❎ The lecturer
asked the students
to speak in
tutorials clearly, in
a loud voice
and not to
be rude. (ADVERB) (ADVERBIAL
PHRASE) ( INFINITIVE)
☑The lecturer asked
the students to
speak in tutorials
clearly, loudly and
politely.
ALL WORDS
IN THE LIST
ARE NOW ADVERBS)
●Rule 2: Groups of
words (phrases) should
be matched with
word groups of
the same pattern (e.g.
noun phrases beginning
with verb +-ing,
prepositional phrases).
❎Success at
university depends on
attending classes, reviewing
your notes and
to keep up
with your readings.
(NOUN PHRASE
–ING) (NOUN PHRASE
–ING), (INFINITIVE VERB
=TO + VERB)
☑Success at
university depends on
attending classes, reviewing
your notes and
keeping up with your
readings.
(ALL WORDS
IN THE LIST
ARE NOW NOUN PHRASES BEGINNING
WITH –ING WORDS)
●Rule 3: Clauses should be
matched with clauses
of the same
pattern (e.g. noun
clauses, adverbial clauses, adjectival
clauses).
❎The
lecturer expected that
the students would
present the seminar,
be using PowerPoint presentations and
they would answer
questions from the
audience.
(TWO PHRASES
followed by a
SENTENCE)
☑The lecturer expected
that the students
would present the
seminar, use a
PowerPoint presentation and answer
questions from the
audience.
(ALL
THE ELEMENTS OF
THE LIST ARE
NOW PHRASES BEGINNING
WITH A VERB)
More
Examples:
21. “The Budget Information
System is a
query system with
a small database and
an unacceptably long
response time, which
fact we need
to recognize.”
22. “She likes reading
the latest novels
and listening to
music.”
OR
”She likes to
read the latest
novels and listen
to music.”
23. “Either you will
listen to your
father, or negative
results will occur.”
24. “Declining
trees have a
higher probability both
of branch failures
and of dying prematurely.”
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