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Parallelism



Parallel  structure
To  make  the  ideas  in  your  sentences  clear  and  understandable,  you  need  to  make your  sentence structures  grammatically  balanced  (i.e.  parallel).  This  means  that  ideas  in  a  sentence  or  paragraph that are  similar  should  be  expressed  in  parallel  grammatical  form  (e.g. Jessie  likes  running, swimming  and  painting  NOT  Jessie  likes  running,  swimming  and  to  paint).
Lists  of  words,  phrases  and  clauses
When  ideas  are  presented  in  a  series  or  a  list,  the  same  parts  of  speech  should  be  used  to  ensure parallel  structure.  This  applies  whether  the  list  consists  of  single  words,  phrases  or  clauses—single words  should  be  balanced  with  single  words,  phrases  with  phrases  and  clauses  with  clauses.
Examples:
●Rule  1:  Single  words  should  be  matched  with  single  words  of  the  same  type  (e.g.  all  nouns,  all adverbs,  all  adjectives).
  The lecturer  asked  the  students  to  speak  in  tutorials  clearly,  in  a  loud  voice  and  not  to  be  rude. (ADVERB) (ADVERBIAL  PHRASE)  ( INFINITIVE)
The lecturer  asked  the  students  to  speak  in  tutorials  clearly,  loudly  and  politely. 
ALL  WORDS  IN  THE  LIST  ARE  NOW  ADVERBS)
●Rule  2:  Groups  of  words  (phrases)  should  be  matched  with  word  groups  of  the  same  pattern (e.g.  noun  phrases  beginning  with  verb  +-ing,  prepositional  phrases).
Success  at  university  depends  on  attending  classes,  reviewing  your  notes  and  to  keep  up  with your  readings.
(NOUN  PHRASE  –ING)   (NOUN  PHRASE  –ING),    (INFINITIVE  VERB  =TO  +  VERB)
Success  at  university  depends  on  attending  classes,  reviewing  your  notes  and  keeping  up  with your  readings.
(ALL  WORDS  IN  THE  LIST  ARE  NOW NOUN PHRASES BEGINNING WITH  –ING  WORDS)

●Rule  3: Clauses  should  be  matched  with  clauses  of  the  same  pattern  (e.g.  noun  clauses, adverbial  clauses,  adjectival  clauses).
The lecturer  expected  that  the  students  would  present  the  seminar,  be  using  PowerPoint presentations  and  they  would  answer  questions  from  the  audience.
(TWO  PHRASES  followed  by  a  SENTENCE)
The lecturer  expected  that  the  students  would  present  the  seminar,  use  a  PowerPoint presentation  and  answer  questions  from  the  audience. 
 (ALL  THE  ELEMENTS  OF  THE  LIST  ARE  NOW  PHRASES  BEGINNING  WITH  A  VERB)



More Examples:
21.  “The  Budget  Information  System  is  a  query  system  with  a  small  database and  an  unacceptably  long  response  time,  which  fact  we  need  to recognize.”
22.  “She  likes  reading  the  latest  novels  and  listening  to  music.”
OR
”She  likes  to  read  the  latest  novels  and  listen  to  music.”
23.  “Either  you  will  listen  to  your  father,  or  negative  results  will  occur.”
24.  “Declining  trees  have  a  higher  probability  both  of  branch  failures  and  of dying  prematurely.”

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